Coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics-discrete element method simulations of soil liquefaction and its mitigation using gravel drains

In this paper, a fully Lagrangian particle-based method for coupled fluid-particle interaction is utilized to evaluate liquefaction of saturated granular soils subjected dynamic base excitations. The discrete element (DEM) employed model the solid particles and fluid motion simulated using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). A SPH-DEM scheme achieved through local averaging techniques well-established semi-empirical formulas interaction. key feature technique that it does not presume undrained conditions deposit allows spatial movements within deposit. responses loose dense deposits seismic excitation are first analyzed. As expected, exhibited significant pore pressure development while barely showed any considerable buildup did liquefy. Liquefaction resulted in surface settlement experienced by was tolerable limits. mitigation installation gravel drains then introduced its effect on mitigating examined. Results conducted simulations show effectively reduced pore-pressure and, most part, soil maintained strength. However, reduce overall acceptable levels.